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Seminar Accompanying the Lecture Course "Physical Organic Chemistry"

Course No. 21 221a/b - Modulbeschreibung (Deutsch)

 

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Lecture Course Contents - Seminar Topics - Quickies - Old Exams

 

Seminar

Each student who signs up to the lecture course on "Physical Organic and Supramolecular Chemistry" is required to give a seminar talk of ca. 15-20 minutes length plus a discussion of the topic. The seminar language is English. The seminars are one of the requirements of active participation in the course, without which you cannot finish the module. So, please choose a semiar topic by inserting your name and matriculation number in this Google Spreadsheet. Below you find some introductory information for each topic and literature to start with.

I offer help for the preparation of your seminars. In order to be able to help, it would be useful, if you would come and see me early on, at least three weeks before the seminar to discuss a concept for the talk. If you wish, we can discuss the direction into which you could go even earlier than that. Approximately one week before the scheduled seminar, it would be advisable to discuss your transparencies.

Please make sure that you take into account the following points to make your seminar interesting and beneficial for all others:

  • Be absolutely clear: Don't expect your audience to know too much about the topic. In view of the time, reduce the seminar to the really important arguments and concepts. Rather restrict yourselves to a good selection of important points and discuss them in greater detail than trying to make a superficial summery of everything. Choose really illustrative examples. Organize your talks clearly: What argument builds on which other one? How do I introduce each one of them at the appropriate moment? Direct the audience through your talk with (only a couple) of structuring remarks.

  • Clarity should also be found in your transparencies: Large enough letter size (usually not below 14 pt), not too much text, easy to grasp graphics, if schematic cartoons help to reduce complexity, you can show a molecule, discuss its properties briefly and then explain the concept using cartoons. Nevertheless, don't forget that we are chemists and need to see how the molecules you discuss look like. A cartoon-only talk would not be sufficient!

  • If you want to use a sheet of paper with short remarks to remind you of what you wanted to say, prepare it in a clear way so that you easily find your way through it. My suggestion would be to prepare the transparencies in a way that they also guide you through the talk.

  • Use the appropriate scientific language. It is part of your science and you need to be able to use it actively and passively. Name the molecules and things on your transparency by their appropriate names. Reduce for example, IUPAC names to the functional group important in that particular moment. But don't say: "This thing here...", if the molecule can be easily given a more suitable name.

  • Restrict yourselves to a small number of well-chosen examples. They should perfectly illustrate your points. Don't try to make the collection complete (even if that would match the Germans' need for "Gründlichkeit"). Your audience will be able to transfer the things learnt with the help of a well-chosen and well-explained example to others they encounter. A too large number of examples reduces the time for going into detail and makes the discussion superficial. You have then seen many examples without really understanding a single one ...

  • You do not need to prepare a handout for your fellow students, if you agree to send my your presentation by email as a pdf file after your talk. I will make it available below by linking the titles to your presentations so that everyone can download them.

  • It is expected that you search for more up-to-date literature of your topic. Below you will find a few key words and some introductory literature references for your orientation. This alone is certainly not enough, though.

 

Seminar Topics

Part I: Potential Energy Surfaces and Molecular Orbitals

  • Singlet Oxygen

    singlet and triplet states, generation of singlet oxygen, reactivity, typical synthetically useful reactions

    • W. Adam, Chem. unserer Zeit 1981, 15, 190
    • W. Adam, Chemiker-Zeitung 1975, 99, 142

  • Cytochrome P-450: two-state-reactivity as a new mechanistic paradigm

    what mechanistic ideas exist of Cytochrome P-450-catalyzed reactions: oxygen rebound mechanism, radical clocks, oxen mechanism, the principle of spin conservation, two state reactivity under spin inversion

    • S. Shaik, M. Filatov, D. Schröder, H. Schwarz, Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 193
    • S. Shaik, S.P. de Visser, F. Ogliaro, H. Schwarz, D. Schröder, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2002, 6, 556

  • Reaction Dynamics of Reactive Intermediates: Synergy of Theory
    and Experiment

    concerted, synchronous, and stepwise reactions, what are reaction trajectories, energy redistribution within a molecule, refinement of the static model of potential energy surfaces by invoking dynamic effects, their threoretical prediction and how to demonstrate them experimentally.

    • B.K. Carpenter, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 3532

  • Frontier Molecular Orbitals

    Introduction in detail of Fukui's FMO theory, provide examples for the control of radical reactions as well as polar reactions of nucleophile and electrophile.

    • K. Fukui, T. Yonezawa, H. Shingu, J. Chem. Phys. 1952, 20, 722
    • I. Fleming, Grenzorbitale und Reaktionen organischer Verbindungen, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 1990

Part II: Thermochemistry

  • High-Pressure Chemistry: What do Activation Volumes Tell?

    how to measure activation enthalpies and entropies, definition: activation volume, how to determine it, comparison of temperature and pressure dependence of chemical reactions, electrostriktion, a good example for illustrating are pericyclic reactions

    • F.-G. Klärner, Chem. unserer Zeit 1989, 23, 53
    • M.K. Diedrich, D. Hochstrate, F.-G. Klärner, B. Zimny, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 1135
    • W.J. le Noble, Chem. unserer Zeit 1989, 17, 152
    • R. van Eldik, T. Asano, W.J. le Noble, Chem. Rev. 1989, 89, 549

Part III: Short-Lived Intermediates and Funny Molecules

  • Fullerenes

    preparation, geometric and electronic structure of fullerenes, properties (e.g. chirality for higher fullerenes, cavity inside that can be filled with atoms/ions), reactivity (e.g. Bingel reaction, cycloadditions)

    • H. Kroto, Angew. Chem. lnt. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 1578
    • T. Weiske, D. K. Böhme, J. Hrusak, W. Krätschmer, H. Schwarz, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1991, 30, 884

  • Graphene

    preparation, structure and properties, ways to functionalize

    • K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos,I. V. Grigorieva, A. A. Firsov, Science 2004, 306, 666
    • A. K. Geim, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 6966

  • Non-classical Cations, Superacids and Superelectrophiles

    norbornyl-, methylcyclopropyl cations, mono- and diprotonated methane, ethylene dication, structures and properties

    • G.A. Olah, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 805
    • G.A. Olah, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 1519
    • G.A. Olah, Acc. Chem. Res. 1976, 9, 41

  • Stable Carbenes

    Wanzlick and Arduengo carbenes, which factors make a carbene stable? the use of stable carbenes as ligands for transition metals

    • A. Arduengo III, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 913
    • W.A. Herrmann, C. Köcher, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1997, 36, 2162

  • Reactions Involving Sextett Rearrangements

    reactions that involve sextett rearrangements (concerted or non-concerted) and intermediates such as carbenes and nitrenes, e.g. Wolff rearrangement (carbenes), Curtius acid degradation to isocyanates (nitrenes), Beckmann rearrangement of oximes (nitrenes), Bayer-Villiger oxidation (oxigen analogue), give an overview with some examples presented in greater detail and compare reactions

    • organic chemistry textbooks

  • Square-planar Carbon?

    Li2CF2 calculations, Zr/Al compounds, fenestranes

    • R. Hoffmann, R.W. Alder, C.F. Wilcox, Jr., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 4992
    • G. Erker, D. Roettger, Angew. Chem. 1997, 109, 840
    • D.R. Rasmussen, L. Radom, Angew. Chem. 1999, 111, 3052

  • Evidence for Short-Lived Intermediates from Neutralization-Reionization Mass Spectrometry

    NRMS principle, vertical electron transfers, Franck-Condon factors, examples may include: carbonic acid, ylides

    • J.K. Terlouw, H. Schwarz, Angew. Chem. 1987, 99, 829
    • N. Goldberg, H. Schwarz, Acc. Chem. Res. 1994, 27, 347
    • C.A. Schalley, G. Hornung, D. Schröder, H. Schwarz, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1998, 27, 91

  • Water Oxide: An Isomer of Hydrogen Peroxide

    go into detail with the experiment how to show evidence for water oxide by NRMS (reviews on the method, see talk above), intro into water oxide vs. hydrogen peroxide, energy difference, barrier height for intramolecular rearrangement, the NRMS experiment, why formation of the radical anion is proof of water oxide and not of hydrogen peroxide.

    • D. Schröder, C.A. Schalley, N. Goldberg, J. Hrusak, H. Schwarz, Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 1235

  • Evidence for Short-Lived Intermediates from Matrix-Isolation Spectroscopy

    the principle of matrix isolation spectroscopy, examples may include: didehydro benzene, dioxiranes, tetrahedrane

    • W. Sander, Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 31, 669
    • W. Sander, C. Kötting, Chem. Eur. J. 1999, 4, 24
    • C. Kötting, W. Sander, J. Breidung, W. Thiel, M. Senzlober, H. Bürger, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 219
    • I. Norman, G. Porter, Nature 1954, 174, 508
    • E. Whittle, D.A. Dows, G.C. Pimentel, J. Chem. Phys. 1954, 22, 1943

Part IV: Stereochemistry

  • Origin of Homochirality

    Biotic and Abiotic Theories, statistical fluctuations with autocatalysis, chirality through non-symmetric processes on elementary particle level?

    • W.A. Bonner, Top. Stereochem. 1988, 18, 1
    • W. Thiemann, Naturwissenschaften 1974, 61, 476
    • R.A. Hegstrom, D.K. Kondepudi, Spektrum der Wissenschaft 1990, 56
    • M. Avalos, R. Babiano, P. Cintas, J.L. Jimenez, J.C. Palacios, Chem. Commun. 2000, 887

  • Topological Chirality

    molecules and graph theory, topology, topological chirality e.g. with catenanes, rotaxanes, and knotanes

    • J.-C. Chambron, C. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-P. Sauvage, Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131
    • A. Sobanski, R. Schmieder, F. Vögtle, Chem. unserer Zeit 2000, 34, 160

  • Chiral Shift Reagents for EE Determination by NMR Spectroscopy

    what are NMR shift reagents? How do they help in EE determination?

    • T. J. Wenzel, J. D. Wilcox, Chirality 2003, 15, 256

  • Dynamic NMR Spectroscopy for the Investigation of Racemization Processes

    describe the basics of temperature-dependent NMR spectroscopy (coalescence phenomenon, coalescence temperature, how to determine the activation barrier in a simple case), then a nice example as e.g. the following:

    • S. Belviso, E. Santoro, F. Lelj, D. Casarini, C. Villani, R. Franzini, S. Superchi, Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2018, 4029
    • for the basics of dynamic NMR, see NMR textbooks

  • Non-Linear Effects in Asymmetric Catalysis

    what are non-linear effects in asymmetric catalysis? models for their description and a few interesting examples

    • C. Girard, H.B. Kagan, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 3088
    • M. Avalos, R. Babiano, P. Cintas, J.L. Jimenez, J.C. Palacios, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 1997, 8, 2997

Part V: Aromaticity and Pericyclic Reactions

  • Homoaromaticity

    how can one understand, how can one experimentally demonstrate that there are aromatic systems which carry sp3hybridized carbons in their ring structure? prototypical example: the homotropylium ion

    • R. F. Childs, Acc. Chem. Res. 1984, 17, 347
    • R. V. Williams, Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 1185

  • Three Dimensional Aromaticity

    how can one understand aromatic stabilization of systems extended in three dimensions? the tetradehydroadamantane dication diradical is such a molecule

    • A.A. Fokin, B. Kiran, M. Bremer, X. Yang, H. Jiao, P.v.R. Schleyer, P.R. Schreiner, Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6, 1615
    • R.B. King, Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 1119

  • Woodward Hoffmann Rules: Correlation Diagrams for Electrocyclic Ring Opening Reactions

    detailed explanation of the construction of correlation diagrams for dis- and conrotatory electrocyclic ring opening of cyclobutene, why can one restrict the discussion to the frontier molecular orbitals, experimental proof of principle through sterochemical effects

    • R.B. Woodward, R. Hoffmann, Die Erhaltung der Orbitalsymmetrie, VCH, Weinheim 1970
    • T.L. Gilchrist, R.C. Storr, Organic Reactions and Orbital Symmetry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1979

  • Bullvalene: A Molecular Shape-Shifter

    explain bullvalene, its synthesis, dynamic NMR studies that show that it is dynamic, then present the results from the following paper on a chiral bullvalene

    • M. He, J. W. Bode, Proc. Natl. Akad. Sci. USA, 2011, 108, 14752
    • G. Schröder, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1963, 2, 481

  • Reactions with Coarctate Transition Structures

    what are coarctate transition structures?, comparison to pericyclic reactions, topology and symmetry, predictive rules, mechanisms, stereochemistry

    • R. Herges, Angew. Chem. 1994, 106, 261
    • H.E. Zimmerman, Acc. Chem. Res., 1971, 4, 272

Part VI: A Few Concepts Relating to Synthesis and Catalysis

  • Organocatalysis

    what is organocatalysis? which mechanisms exist? organocatalysis through hydrogen bonding, organocatalysis through covalent intermediates, a few interesting and useful examples

    • P. Schreiner, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2003, 32, 289
    • B. List, Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 5413

  • Modern Radical Reactions

    how can selectivity be obtained with highly reactive radicals? are there stereocontrolled radical reactions?

    • T. Linker, M. Schmittel, Radikale und Radikalionen in der Organischen Synthese, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 1998
    • D.P. Curran, N.A. Porter, B. Giese, Stereochemistry of Radical Reactions, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1996
    • K.C. Nicolaou, E.J. Sorensen, Classics in Total Synthesis, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1996, therein Chapter 23 - total synthesis of hirsutene and capnellene
    • C.P. Jasperse, D.P. Curran, T.L. Fevig, Chem. Rev. 1991, 91, 1237

  • Modern Photochemistry

    short summary of radiative and non-radiative processes, chromophores, absorption and emission spectroscopy, energy/elektron transfer processes e.g. in Ru/Os complexes (FRET), cis/trans isomerzation of stilbene and azobenzene, preparative applications

    • G. v. Bünau, T. Wolff, Photochemie, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 1987
    • M. Volgraf, P. Gorostiza, R. Numano, R.H. Kramer, E.Y. Isacoff, D. Trauner, Nat. Chem. Biol. 2005, 2, 47
    • S. Shinkai, T. Nakaji, Y. Nishida, T. Ogawa, O. Manabe, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 5860
    • S. Shinkai, T. Nakaji, T. Ogawa, K. Shigematsu, O. Manabe, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 111
    • H. Hopf, H. Greiving, P.G. Jones, P. Bebenitschek, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 742

Part VII: Solvent Effects

  • Perfluorinated Solvents

    phase transfer catalysis: crown ethers, tetraalkylammonium salts, perfluorinated solvents (two-phase system organic-perfluorinated), their use for purification and in homogenous catalysis

    • B. Betzemeier, P. Knochel, Top. Curr. Chem. 1999, 206, 61
    • E. Dehmlow, Angew. Chem. 1974, 86, 187
    • D.P. Curran, Angew. Chem. 1998, 110, 1230

Part VIII: Supramolecular Synthesis

  • Molecular Recognition of Anions

    non-covalent binding of anions to receptor molecules, solvent effects (e.g. water versus other less polar solvents), why is anion binding more difficult as compared to cation binding and the binding of neutrals?, Hofmeister series

    • F. Schmidtchen, Top. Curr. Chem. 2005, 255, 1
    • special issue: Coord. Chem. Rev. 2006, 250
    • C. Seel, A. Galan, J. de Mendoza, Top. Curr. Chem. 1995, 175, 10 

  • Multivalent and Cooperative Binding

    intro: docking of influenza virusses to cells by multivalent binding, the advantages of multivalent binding (enhancement of binding strength and geometric control which for influenza virusses leads to endocytosis), multivalent binding and cooperativity, the different types of cooperativity (allosteric and chelate cooperativity), ways to determine them (double mutant cycle analysis), one nice example

    • for influenza docking: C. Fasting, C. A. Schalley, M. Weber, O. Seitz, S. Hecht, B. Koksch, J. Dernedde, C. Graf, E.-W. Knapp, R. Haag, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 10472
    • review on cooperativity: L. K. S. von Krbek, C. A. Schalley, P. Thordarson, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46, 2622

  • Templated Synthesis: Crown Ethers, Catenanes, Rotaxanes, molecular Knots

    definition of "Template", examples: synthesis of crowns and interlocked molecules with template effects based on metal coordination and hydrogen bonding (Sauvage/Stoddart/Vögtle)

    • F. Diederich, P.J. Stang, Templated Organic Synthesis, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2000
    • C.A. Schalley, T. Weilandt, J.Brüggemann, F. Vögtle, Top. Curr. Chem. 2004, 248, 141
    • D.H. Busch, Top. Curr. Chem. 2005, 249, 1

  • Self-Assembly and Self-Organization: Creating Complexity from Simple Building Blocks

    definition of "self-assembly" and "self-organization: where are the differences (ask me about them...)?, metallo-supramolecular compounds are interesting and useful examples here (e.g. helicates, grids, tetrahedra etc.)

    • J.S. Lindsey, New J. Chem. 1991, 15, 153
    • G.M. Whitesides, J.P. Mathias, C.T. Seto, Science 1991, 254, 1312.

  • Hydrogen-Bonded Molecular Capsules and Molecular Tennis Balls

    Cram's carcerands, Rebek's self-assembling and self-complementary hydrogen bonded capsules, dynamic guest encapsulation, catalysis of Diels-Alder reactions inside the cavity

    • C.A. Schalley, Chem. unserer Zeit 2001, 35, 166
    • D.J. Cram, M.E. Tanner, Angew. Chem. 1991, 103, 1048
    • R. Warmuth, J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyc. Chem. 2000, 37, 1
    • M.M. Conn, J. Rebek, Jr., Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1647
    • J. Rebek, Jr., Chem. Soc. Rev. 1996, 255

  • Subcompoinent-Self Assembly of MetalloSupramolecular Cages

    Nitschke's sub-component self-assembly approach, properties, function and applications of these cages

    • D. Zhang, T. K. Ronson, J. R. Nitschke, Acc. Chem. Res. 2018, 51, 2423

  • Mesoscale Self-Assembly

    Applying the principles of molecular self-assembly to larger objects from a micrometer to centimeter scale

    • G.M. Whitesides, B. Grzybowski, Science 2002, 295, 2418
    • N.B. Bowden, M. Weck, I.S. Choi, G.M. Whitesides, Acc. Chem. Res.2001, 34, 231.

  • Helix Bundles: Folding Mechanisms of Peptides

    peptide bond, primary, secondary, tertiary and quatenary structure of proteins, helix bundles, how can we template peptide folding in artificial systems

    • C.P.R. Hackenberger, Chem. unserer Zeit 2006, 40, 174
    • J. Schneider, J.W. Kelly, Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2169
    • G. Trojandt, U. Herr, K. Polborn, W. Steglich,Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1254

  • Self-Sorting

    How self-assembly reactions can be controlled: Programming molecules by self-sorting processes, narcissistic and the two types of social self-sorting, programmed pseudorotaxanes

    • P. Mukhopadhyay, A. Wu, L Isaacs, J. Org. Chem. 2004, 69, 6157
    • K. Mahata, M.L. Saha, M. Schmittel, J. Am. Chem. Soc.2010, 132, 15933.
    • W. Jiang, C.A. Schalley, Proc. Natl. Akad. Sci. USA2009, 106, 10425.

Part IX: Molecules with Function

  • Fluorescence Resonant Energy Transfer

    basic principles of FRET, what questions can be answered? determination of binding constants, determination of distances, artificial light-harvesting complexes

  • Molecular Sensors

    Fluorescent sensors with optical readout, molecular logic gates based on fluorescent rreceptors, quartz-microbalance-based gravimetric sensors, Sauerbrey equation, pattern recognition, a few nice examples

    • A.P. de Silva, N.D. McClenaghan, Chem. Eur. J. 2004, 10, 574
    • A.P. de Silva, H.Q.N. Gunaratne, C.P. McCoy, Nature 1993, 364, 42
    • M. Schlupp, T. Weil, A.J. Berresheim, U.-M. Wiesler, J. Bargon, K. Müllen, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 4011

  • Europium- and Terbium-Containing Luminescent Complexes:
    Replacement for Radioimmunoassays?

    radioimmunoassays: how do they work? where are they used?, disadvantages, Europium luminescence, time-resolved luminiscence spectroskopie antenna molecules, properties requires for medical purposes

    • S. Pandya, J. Yu, D. Parker, Dalton Trans. 2006, 2757
    • N. Sabbatini, M. Guardigli, J.-M. Lehn, Coord. Chem. Rev. 1993, 123, 201
    • F.S. Richardson, Chem. Rev. 1982, 82, 541

  • Azobenzenes: Switching Back & Forth by Light

    mechanism of optical pumping of azobenzenes depending on substituentand solvent, some nice example for applications

    • H. M. Dhammika Bandara, S. C. Burdette, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, 41, 1809
    • D. Samanta, H. Gemen, Z. Chu, Y. Diskin-Posner, L. J. W. Shimon, R. Klain, Proc. Natl. Akad. Sci. USA. 2018, 115, 9379

  • Molecular Machines: A True Light Driven Molecular Motor

    overloaded double bonds as photchemical motors: their synthesis, working principle and applications (e.g. nanocars)

    • special issue, therein check the review by B. Feringa: Acc. Chem. Res. 2001, 34
    • B. Feringa, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 11060

  • Molecular Machines: Rotaxane-Based Shuttles Driven By Light and Redox Stimuli

    rotaxanes as switches, molecular shuttles driven by light and redox chemistry, logic gates based on them

    • V. Balzani, M. Gomez-Lopez, J.F. Stoddart, Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 405
    • J.-P. Collin, P. Gavina, V. Heitz, J.-P. Sauvage, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1998, 1

Part X: Bioorganic-Chemistry- and Materials-Related Topics

  • Logic Gates Based on Supramolecular Gels

    describe what a supramolecular gel is, how it is characterized and show an example for logic gates that are implemented in such a gel

    • Z. Qi, P. Malo de Molina, W. Jiang, Q. Wang, K. Nowosinski, A. Schulz, M. Gradzielski, C. A. Schalley, Chem. Sci. 2012, 3, 2073

  • Origin of Life: Self-Replication and Autocatalysis?

    DNA replication, RNA world, self-replication of oligonucleotides, peptides and organic minimal replicators, kinetic analysis: square-root-law, prion proteine: self-replication of conformations?

  • Aquaporins and Ion Pumps

    active and passive transport, dependence on energy supply, how does water go through a membrane pore without letting protons pass?

    • P. Agre, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 4278
    • J.C Skou, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 2320

  • Artificial Photosynthesis

    a very brief introduction into the natural photosynthesis center (only those features which are needed for the explanation of the artificial one!!! Don't loose yourselves in the details!!!), artificial photosynthetic molecules and their work principles (the Moore article below delivers a particularly nice example!)

    • J. Kurreck, D. Niethammer, H. Kurreck,Chem. unserer Zeit 1999, 33, 72
    • H. Kurreck, M. Hüber, Angew. Chem. 1995, 107, 929
    • G. Steinberg-Yfrach, J.-L.Rigaud, E.N. Durantini, A.L. Moore, D. Gust, T.A. Moore, Nature 1998, 392, 479

  • Catalytic Antibodies

    the principle: how do we get antibodies to reduce the barrier of a chemical reaction, transition state analoga, preparation of monoclonal antibodies, nice examples for chemical reactions catalyzed by antibodies

    • R.A. Lerner, S.J. Bencovic, P.G. Schultz, Science, 1991, 252, 659
    • P.G. Schultz, R.A. Lerner, Acc. Chem. Res., 1993, 26, 391
    • C. Rader, B. List, Chem. Eur. J., 2000, 6, 2091

 

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