TGF-beta signaling

Fig. 1. TGF-beta superfamiliy ligands activate Smad and non-Smad pathways such as RhoA, Akt, and MAP Kinase (MAPK). There may be pathways which are yet to be discovered (N.N.). The activation of both Smad and non-Smad pathways is affected by proteins that associate with the receptors, some of which promote (indicated in green) or repress (red) signal propagation.